Изучение роли транспорта, проблем и перспектив развития транспортной системы в туризме Республики Казахстан

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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

ВВЕДЕНИЕ.

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ.: 1 РОЛЬ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ В ТУРИСТСКОМ БИЗНЕСЕ . . .

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ.: 1. 1 Сущность транспорта в туризме

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ.: 1. 2 Виды и средства перевозок в туризме, и их характеристики.

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ.: 1. 3 Правовое регулирование перевозок туристов различными видами транспорта. .

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ.: 2 СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ ОТРАСЛИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН . . . . .

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ.: 2. 1 Анализ состояния рынка транспортных услуг в Республики Казахстан.

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Проблемы развития авиарынка Республики Казахстан . . .

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ.: 2. 3 Практическое развитие транспортной отрасли за рубежом (на примере авиарынка) . .

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ.: 3 ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ВОЗДУШНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЗАХСТАН

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ.: ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. .

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ.: СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ.

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ

В настоящее время транспорт является одним из самых важных компонентов экономики государства, как развивающегося, так и с высокоразвитой экономической и социальной базой. Транспорт обеспечивает нормальное функционирование экономики, повышение эффективности общественного производства, создает условия для рационального размещения производственных сил по территории страны с учетом наиболее целесообразного приближения предприятий различных отраслей экономики к источникам сырья и районам потребления продукции, специализации и кооперации производства, позволяет развивать такие отрасли, как торговля, сельское хозяйство и другие.

Большая территория республики и низкая плотность населения, высокий темп экономического развития Казахстана, который был достигнут в последние годы, формируют нарастающие потребности в перевозках. Соответственно, передвижение населения и грузопотоков в рамках межхозяйственных связей, экономического развития и взаимодействия регионов Казахстана с каждым годом становится все более востребованной услугой. Кроме экономической функции, транспорт осуществляет социальную функцию, обеспечивает контакты населения в рамках родственного, дружеского общения, участвует в организации отдыха, образования, культурного развития, а также в решении различных социальных проблем.

Казахстан значительно удален от основных мировых рынков. Экономика РК по этой причине отличается высокой грузоемкостью. Более 80% грузоперевозок приходится на сухопутный транспорт. Транспорту отводится важнейшая роль в осуществлении межгосударственных связей. Их усиленный рост предъявляет новые, возросшие требования к развитию транспортного комплекса, от состояния которого в большей мере зависят результаты развития внутренней экономики республики и международного сотрудничества.

Возможность воспользоваться своими естественными географическими преимуществами требует приведения транспортной системы Казахстана в соответствие международным требованиям и стандартам, что предполагает необходимость провести модернизацию отрасли.

Состояние транспортного комплекса в Казахстане находится в зоне особого внимания отечественных и зарубежных экспертов, ими обозначены его основные недостатки. Среди них отмечаются вопросы неудовлетворительной организации международных перевозок, используемые на транспорте устаревшие технологии и низкий уровень сервиса транспортных услуг.

Актуальность темы дипломной работы заключается в том, что транспорт является ведущим фактором развития индустрии туризма. Туризм полностью зависит от транспорта, его безопасности, скорости и удобств, предоставляемых туристу во время его передвижения. Понимание основ взаимоотношений с транспортными компаниями, правил взаимодействия с ними в вопросах обеспечения безопасности пассажиров и их имущества, обслуживания, использования соответствующих скидок и льгот при продажах имеет важное значение как для туристов, так и для организаторов путешествий. Развитие туризма сдерживается тем, что транспортные системы в ряде стран не соответствуют мировым стандартам по удобству, эффективности и безопасности, а транспортные проекты в части строительства новых аэропортов, автомобильных и железных дорог требуют для своей реализации огромных инвестиций и времени.

Меньше половины всех международных путешествий осуществляется по наземным дорогам, при этом роль воздушного транспорта ежегодно повышается.

Целью дипломной работы является изучение роли транспорта, проблем и перспектив развития транспортной системы в туризме Республики Казахстан. Для достижения цели были поставлены и решены следующие задачи:

- рассмотреть виды и средства перевозок в туризме;

- обозначить влияние транспортных услуг на формирование туристского продукта;

- изучить современное состояние транспортного обслуживания в туризме РК;

- провести анализ динамики перевозок туристов различными видами транспорта;

- выявить проблемы и перспективы развития транспорта в Республике Казахстан.

Объектом исследования является транспортная отрасль Республики Казахстана.

В дипломной работе теоретической базой выступили труды отечественных и зарубежных авторов в области проблем развития туристской деятельности и, в частности, его транспортной составляющей, а также монографии, авторефераты, данные статистики.

Информационную базу составили нормативно-правовые акты РК в области туризма.

Дипломная работа имеет традиционную структуру и состоит из введения, трех глав и заключения, списка использованной литературы и приложений.

1 РОЛЬ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ В ТУРИСТСКОМ БИЗНЕСЕ

1. 1 Сущность транспорта в туризме

Tourism has entered the 21st century as one of the most steadily developing sectors of the economy, having a rather powerful influence on the development of entire countries and regions. According to forecasts of the World Tourism Organization, by 2030 the number of international tourist arrivals will reach 1. 9 billion people, and the industry’s income will grow to $ 2 trillion [1] .

Tourism, as an area requiring modest investment, is becoming one of the most profitable industries. The United States, Spain, Turkey and France have long become leaders in the number of travelers to these countries. Currently, for 38% of the countries of the world, tourism is the main source of income, and for 83% - one of the 5 main sources.

Modern tourism has reached a significant level of development largely due to the use of transport and the advantages of each of the modern types of vehicles. The study of the history of the relationship between the spheres of tourism and transport gives grounds for highlighting the stages of this process. It should be noted that specialists have no unanimity on this issue. In the book Tourism: Evolution, Structure, Marketing, V. B. Saprunova history of tourism is divided into four stages, taking as a basis the technical, economic and social changes in society, as well as the targeted functions of tourism at different stages:

1) until the beginning of the XIX century (the prehistory of tourism) ;

2) XIX century (the formation and development of elite tourism, the birth of tourist enterprises) ;

3) the first half of the XX century (the formation of social tourism) ;

4) the end of the Second World War to the present (the development of mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry) [2, p. 24] .

Domestic scientist S. R. Erdavletov referring to Unziker, Mariotti, Przheslavsky and others, identifies the following periods:

1) Tourism until the end of the XVIII century:

a) tourism in antiquity;

b) tourism during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance;

c) tourism in the XVII and XVIII centuries.

2) Tourism in the XIX and XX centuries - until the beginning of the Second World War.

3) Tourism is modern [3, p. 520] .

A well-known American expert in the field of tourism, J. Walker, adheres to a somewhat different position regarding the history of transport and tourism development in the world in his book Introduction to Hospitality.

He divides the entire history of tourism development into two parts: the first - before the appearance and use of mass modes of transport, the second - after their appearance. The second part of this story is shared by J. Walker according to the appearance and use of each new type of transport in tourism. He associates periodization with the development of transport and identifies five periods:

1) pre-industrial (use of primitive means of transportation) ; 2) the age of railways; 3) the age of the car; 4) the century of jet airliners; 5) the century of cruises on sea liners [4, p. 256] . We analyzed various interpretations of the development of the transport industry in the tourism industry.

Undoubtedly, transport is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country. Since ancient times, transport has been the engine of the process. The man used any means at hand to transport people and goods. With the invention of the wheel, and somewhat later of various types of engines, man began to develop vehicles accordingly: carts, carriages, steamboats, locomotives, airplanes, etc. This made it possible to travel long distances and for various purposes. Ever since antiquity, travels have been made for the sake of commerce, conquest, and various goals.

Over 3000 years before our era, the ancient Egyptians were already floating on the Nile River, carrying huge blocks of which they built the pyramids. The early Phoenicians sailed across the Mediterranean to the shores, which are now called Syria and Lebanon, placing their colonies there and developing trade.

Especially it should be said about travels in the time of the Roman Empire. About 200 years BC, the Romans settled away from Italy. Over the next five centuries, they conquered many lands, including Britain. They traveled on ships, horses, chariots and on foot. Roman tourists were interested in history and religion, visited Greek temples, traveled in vans drawn by mules, in places where Alexander the Great was buried, where Socrates lived.

In 1784, a carriage era began in Britain, when parliament was authorized to deliver government mail in carriages. Mail crews could take a maximum of seven passengers: four inside and three opposite the cab. Traveling was slow - it took 34 stops and 42 hours to cover the 400 miles. In 1838, the English Parliament allowed mail to be transported by rail, and the carriage era ended. Historically, the formation of transport systems of various states was influenced by their geographical location, natural potential, and often climatic and landscape characteristics. This led to the formation of the transport and technical bases that are most efficiently used in a particular region and state.

For example, it is advantageous to develop the structure of railway transport in regions with preferential plains, and the river one - in the presence of a system of rivers and lakes, as in Australia, Germany, Russia, Finland and Canada. The seas and oceans, as the most convenient and accessible ways to move people, since ancient times have contributed to near and far journeys, and rivers, canals and lakes - to tourism.

For the first time, the English pastor Thomas Cook, from whom the history of the modern tourist movement reports, organized a group trip by rail. Then in 1843 he organized boat trips on the Thames. Practically at the same time on the American continent, on the legendary paddle steamer “Mississippi”, American Express opened regular tours of the Mississippi. Similar cruises began to take place along the Nile, the Rhine and the Danube.

Russia has the world's largest system of railways, which is already more than one and a half centuries. The first significant railway Petersburg-Moscow entered into operation in 1851, before it in 1837 the St. Petersburg-Pavlovsk railway was opened (27 km. ) . The main railways were built in the central and southern regions of the European part of Russia. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, the Trans-Siberian Railway was laid.

The history of Soviet maritime tourism begins in 1957, when the All-Union Joint-Stock Company Intourist began to carry out sea voyages from Odessa to Leningrad, around Europe, on rented passenger ships Pobeda and Georgia, and on the Black Sea for tourists from socialist countries. In 1960, the first cruise with Soviet tourists was organized on the Admiral Nakhimov along the Crimean-Caucasian coast.

Today, tourism has become a truly mass phenomenon and more than 1 billion people take part in tourist travels every year. The task of the tourist is to arrive at the place or in the country of travel as soon as possible.

At present, road transport is well developed in the USA, and a large number of highways have been built. In Europe, developed road and rail transport, in France and Germany, the density of highways is high. The European part of Russia has a well-developed railway network, but in Siberia and the Far East, railways are laid only in the southern part of the region. There are countries where there are no railways. These are Afghanistan, Belize and a number of other countries. Norway occupies a space on the Scandinavian Peninsula, extended along the coastline with a sharp mountainous terrain, therefore, aviation and sea communication is well developed in the country.

Having considered the development of transportation vehicles, the following conclusion can be drawn: the development of transportation facilities has a great influence on the development of society, the activation of communication links, the creation of jobs, the development of mobility of the population and tourism. Transport companies and organizations are one of the main driving forces of the modern international tourist market. The main types of tourism currently are: aviation, buses and cars, ships, sea and river, railway trains.

In the mid-twentieth century, the intensity of rail transport in the world is reduced due to the increase in the number of cars and the development of air transport. Speed, comfort and relative safety have made air travel the leading mode of transport in tourist traffic.

At the beginning of the 20th century, transport tourism, having stood out from all categories of travel, began to develop independently as a branch of the economy. There has long been a close relationship between travel (tourism) and the economy, history.

Observing the emergence in ancient times (and even in the earlier period) types of travel, we can note in them the peculiar features of modern types of tourism, which have significantly changed since then. Probably, the first "travelers" can be called nomads who, grazing cattle, are forced to constantly move in search of new pastures. For such movements over long distances, natural vehicles were (and are) horses and camels. A visit to the Olympic Games launched in ancient Greece marked the beginning of modern sports transport tourism.

Transport allows movement by land, water or air. The beginning of mass tourism in the form of overland travel was laid with the creation of railways. Having just appeared, the iron immediately became the center for the formation of a new economic infrastructure, in which the tourism industry plays an important role in the US Not only the hubs, but many other large and small railway stations turned into service complexes, which included guest, roadside buildings, food outlets and post offices.

The most common is the international classification of vehicles used in tourism, developed by UNWTO. Under the means of transport in the international classification means the way that a visitor or tourist uses to travel from his usual place of residence to the places visited. We considered the classification in detail in clause 1. 2 “Types and means of transportation in tourism and their characteristics” [5] .

The development of the tourist business in the conditions of the market requires the availability of recreational resources, capital, technology and personnel. Unlike other sectors of the economy, tourist resources are very diverse and include natural and man-made geosystems, bodies and natural phenomena, artifacts that have comfortable properties and consumer value for recreational activities and can be used for recreation and recreation. Among other things, an integral part of recreational resources are people who work in the field of tourism or can take part in the organization and maintenance of recreational activities.

The transformation of tourism into a mass phenomenon creates a number of problems associated with its transport services. This applies both to public transport and specialized transport, operating within the framework of tourist organizations. In general, these problems are as follows: the creation of the material and technical base of tourist transport of general use, corresponding to the tourist needs of the country; improving the organization of transport; improving the quality of transport services for tourists.

The correct solution of these problems is connected with the need to meet the increasing requirements for tourist services and to solve the problems of increasing the efficiency of tourist activities.

It must be remembered that in tourism the main place belongs not only to the tourist, but also to the enterprises that organize holidays for him, other spheres of the national economy that are directly related to tourism, because the tourism industry is not the other that interacts with 32 sectors of the economy economic reforms.

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